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"The Chinese economy has been severely affected by the global financial crisis triggered by the United States. China's imports and exports have been shrinking, and many enterprises closely related to international trade have been shut down. China has also been embarrassed by its US$2.1 trillion foreign exchange reserve and anxious to know how to manage it effectively. As the economic situation has become increasingly gloomy and uncertain, social problems such as layoffs have increased, and social security and social stability have inevitably appeared to worsen. This has caught the attention of the authorities. Public policies have to be adjusted and new policies established, and effective countermeasures have to be planned, so as to enable China to survive the crisis. Fiscal, monetary, industrial, and social policies have been initiated and are expected to work. Though their success is difficult to estimate, those measures nevertheless have manifested the determination of the Chinese government to conquer the current difficulties, as it has promised the people."

Plato considers the original or most primitive form of society is closest to the form or concept of a state. It is the best state and it is ruled by the most intelligent and sacred people. But Moral degradation causes political corruption and produces a series of vicious chain reactions. Plato's The Republic is the embodiment of his totalitarian thought. This reflects Plato's disappointment with the Athenian democracy. Because of his disappointment, he turned his attention to oligarchy and totalitarianism, trying to find a starting point for solidification and finding the unchangeable form of idea. In the context of modern society, Popper criticizes Plato's view of justice based on his ideology from the perspective of humanism, and he constructs his special view against historical determinism by criticizing Plato's claim. Generally speaking, Plato's political philosophy tends to be totalitarian, but his essentialist method is valuable in the field of sociological research, which can help us identify those things that are essentially the same in the changing historical course.

By analyzing public records of Chinese officials charged under China's current national anti-corruption campaign, this study is the first to reveal patterns of corruption among Chinese officials at all ranks and in diverse occupations. The study sheds critical light on the networks through which corrupt officials are connected, the extent to which they have engaged in corrupt activities and influenced others, and the level of government and occupation the main perpetrators occupy. Drawing upon public information and court indictments, the author uses social network analysis as a tool to expose these relationships and the network of corrupt activities. In addition to identifying important individuals involved in corrupt practices, this article uncovers patterns of corruption and reveals the structure of corruption networks among Chinese officials. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

The 20th century has posed to us a challenge we have never met before, that is, we were living in a world in tremendous changes. English language, as a growing organism, from the point of historical linguistics, is a witness to these changes. English language presents us with a lot of new features in the 20th century, echoing with the changes of people's material and spiritual life reflected in daily happenings. English newspapers are a good place to observe these new features.With English newspapers as exemplars, the article conducts a survey on the linguistic features of English language in the 20th century from the perspective of historical linguistics. The investigation has been conducted in three aspects: the lexical level, the grammatical level and rhetorical level. Besides, another thing is noticeable during investigation. That is to say, linguistic features of English language should be examined in relation to scientific, political, religious and other factors in a broad social context. It is social reality that has shaped most of these features, and the features are a mirror of the social reality.

To address the efficiency and sustainability of residential suburbanization under state leasehold systems, this study examines the price formation of long-term land-use rights for general and compensational housing empirically, considering the successive expansions of new metro lines and highway networks during 2004–2016 in Shanghai—one of the world's fastest growing megacities. The results of our spatial autoregressive models infer that the accessibility benefits of metro extensions are considerably capitalized into both the ask and transaction prices of land-use rights for general housing in the suburbs, whereas those for highway construction are insignificant. A series of spatiotemporal regressions demonstrate that the premiums for proximity to new metro stations bid by private developers are much higher than those asked by local governments during pre-metro years, probably due to local governments' strategic site arrangements for transit-oriented suburbanization and/or developers' speculative land acquisitions in Shanghai's upward suburban housing market. This study further reveals that the prices of land-use rights for compensational housing do not reflect any economic externalities attributable to metro stations and highway interchanges, which might trigger the unfair redistribution of property rights, accessibility, and economic opportunities among relocated farmers around city-fringe areas.

AbstractNavy escorts are considered crucial in countering illegal piracy attacks. In this paper, a novel approach is developed to investigate the effect of navy escorts on piracy incidents by models based on two enhanced Tree‐Augmented Naïve (TAN) Bayesian networks. This approach offers a systematic investigation into the various factors that influence pirate activities, and helps to identify changes in piracy attack behaviors when confronted by navy escorts and assess the effectiveness of anti‐piracy measures. An empirical study is conducted utilizing a unique data set compiled from multiple sources from 2000 to 2019. The empirical evidence shows that there was a gradual reduction in the incidence of piracy attacks in East Africa following the implementation of navy escorts in 2009, but with a surge in 2010 and 2011. The data set is, thus, divided into two time periods at the point of 2009 to facilitate a robust and comprehensive analysis, resulting in the development of two TAN models. Meanwhile, the geographical distribution of pirate attacks has shifted from international waters to port areas and territorial waters. We argue that the surge and geographical shift could be attributed to the calculating behavior of pirates when they encounter external pressures. Finally, a Shapely approach is introduced to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the implemented risk management strategies from a Game Theory perspective. This study offers new insights into the promotion of navy escorts and contributes to the development of a framework for assessing piracy risks in uncertain and dynamic anti‐piracy environments.